Notes Interview

Wes Anderson in Czech

Wes Anderson po česku

Source
Czech Design
Interview
Lenka Lindaurová
Published

“ At most European festivals, in applications for grants, or even in the highly respected ČSFD film database, the profession of ‘production designer’ is almost an afterthought literally listed as an additional job,” says Jan Kadlec, who won both the Czech Film Critics’ Award and the Czech Lion for his work on the film Girl America (Amerikánka). For the film he created a surreal, vividly colored world that stands on its own as a work of art.

Indeed, one of the objects can already be seen in the Church of St. Lawrence in Klatovy.

An Unknown but Essential Film Profession

What does the term “production design” actually mean? When did it originate?

JAN: “Production designer” is a profession that historically emerged with the film Gone With the Wind (1939), which was nominated for Best Picture that year. Its producer, David O. Selznick, used the title for his art director Cameron W. Menzies, because he had created far more for the film than was then customary. Selznick asked the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to establish a new category that would go beyond the role of the traditional art director. So the term has existed since the early days of modern cinema, in the 1930s. It is commonly used in the English-speaking world, yet even at the 2017 Oscars host  Jimmy Kimmel asked the audience if they even knew what the title “production designer” meant. The profession is still not clearly defined; few people really know where it begins or ends. It is not formally taught and is not recognized as a separate field at professional film schools. I like to say it is a kind of mixed salad, something between an artist, an architect, a theorist, and someone with a feel for philosophy and sociology. A Production designer needs a broad understanding of the world in order to shape a film’s visual language and must be able to analyze it.

There is no formula for learning it. Outside the English-speaking world, the profession is usually referred to as “scenographer” or “film architect.” For example, in German it is Szenenbilder, in French chef décorateur, and in Italian scenografo. But those are not really precise designations if we are talking about the person who has the final word in shaping a film’s visual identity. Otherwise it is a sub-profession of the art director. The term “production designer” is largely misunderstood outside the English-speaking world. And specifically, the word scenographer in my view, belongs much more to the world of theatre not film. And that is quite a different world!

Doesn’t it often work in practice that a director simply gathers people from several different professions to cover this job?

JAN: It really depends on the individual. There are directors who are themselves something of artists and can cover this profession on their own, so they do not need a production designer. Nevertheless, alongside the screenwriter and the director, it is the third most important authorial profession in filmmaking. The cinematographer who in the European context, for historical reasons, has traditionally been regarded as the third authorial figure is with all respect, more of a technical collaborator. He or she follows and, with their talent, further enriches a visual world that has already been defined. Film is not built on chance, on whatever happens to occur on the set at a given moment. By the time the camera rolls, the world of the film has already been precisely formulated. Of course, certain coincidences and deviations are natural. We are only human and cannot define everything in advance and we also have the wonderful human trait of making mistakes, which, among other things, will always distinguish us from the much-discussed artificial intelligence of today. The main reason for the chaotic understanding of film professions probably goes back to the 1960s, when European cinema was shaped primarily by the director–cinematographer tandem. From this period arose the entrenched idea of the cinematographer’s special authorial importance. This stereotypical inertia is still evident in every context. At most European festivals, in applications for funding, or even in the highly respected ČSFD film database, the profession of “production designer” is still almost an afterthought. Literally listed as just another job.

Do you approach filmmaking as an artist?

JAN: Film, as an audiovisual work, is a collection of many meaningful images that together shape emotion.

A good film should be capable of telling its story even non-verbally. It is in fact the visual arts, combined with theatre, from which cinema essentially arose. I do not see film as a medium for reconstructing an era through dialogue. For that we have documentary film and museum vitrines. Moreover, with the rise of ubiquitous platforms, film has today become one of the most powerful media and has effectively taken over the role of the visual arts in shaping how we perceive reality. This happened because of the passive consumption of information. There is no longer any need to read a story or to extract it from an image in a gallery. Stories now speak to us from every available platform. And it must be said that what has shaped us, through out history, is simply story. Hence the extraordinary flood of episodic formats and series that merely serve to fill the mental space of a tired and comfort-seeking society.

The concept of history is itself just a story formulated by someone. Whether it is true or not is for you to judge.

But we should realize that most historical records just like films today, were shaped for a particular purpose. Either to serve power, or simply to make the event itself more attractive. Modern historians therefore spend their time removing great layers of falsehoods. That is why we must pay close attention to who today formulates the visual language of film. It carries immense responsibility. Film, as the most powerful medium, is capable of shaping our visual imagination of the future and of our lived present and it is fully capable of redefining the appearance of the past itself.

The Path to Film

I first met you in the 1990s as a very talented visual artist. How did you end up working in film?

JAN: I grew up in a film environment, my mother worked at Czech Television as a producer of documentary programs, and my father was a highly respected producer of commissioned films. But thanks to my grandfather, Antonín Liška, a painter, philosopher, and art historian who, both before World War II and briefly after it, served as the director of the Prague City Museum, I wanted to devote myself more to the visual arts. I studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague (AVU), and I think I was quite an active artist. However, when the trend of conceptual minimalism took hold at the beginning of the 21st century, I was too young to withstand the pressure and the certain resistance to my way of thinking within the art world. I felt like an outsider, so I moved into the more familiar sphere of audiovisual work. At a relatively young age, around seventeen, I was already assisting foreign production designers. By the time I was twenty-one I had the opportunity to visually shape my own film, Zatracení (Plot), about a boy imprisoned in a Thai jail. Even then I was already bringing a different way of working with visuality, though to be honest I could not have analyzed exactly what that meant, no one had ever explained it to me.

But every setback has its value. Although I had been working in film since I was seventeen, I had to discover the very concept of my future profession on my own. Books dealing with the phenomenon of production design have only recently begun to appear abroad, for example, several works by British scholar Dr. Jane Barnwell from the University of Westminster or by film illustrator and production designer Peg McClellan. Yet these books do not examine what it means to formulate the visual language of a film; they mostly describe how the hierarchy of creators functions. Who does what, and then analyze specific works to show how their authors construct a visual narrative. For example, some designers differentiate characters by color, texture, and so on, so that viewers can quickly orient themselves in the fast-moving world of film images. In the case of Girl America (Amerikánka) I in fact followed, in a sense, the path of Cameron W. Menzies, already mentioned earlier: I shaped the project from the poster through the costume world and all the way to the film’s overall color gradient. This allowed for the creation of a cohesive visual work in which the individual elements cooperate more effectively, forming a fully unified whole. Here one can clearly speak of production design, if we go back to the very origins of the profession.

Have you ever had such an opportunity before?

JAN: I can’t really say. Perhaps I did, and simply didn’t take advantage of it, or rather, I didn’t know how to use what I knew or how to set things up so that I could claim the necessary space for shaping the visual language. In any case, everything has its own evolution and, as I’ve already said, I had to find my own way. No one ever explained anything to me. I’m simply self-taught. I had to create myself in order to be able to say this. But certainly my collaboration with director Viktor Tauš, and his openness, gave me a great deal of room to explore what it really means to formulate the visual identity of a film. Moreover, we often talk about it. I think we continue to educate each other. He too is, in a way, self-taught.

The traditional stereotype of a film architect or scenographer is that they slavishly serve the script rather than come up with their own ideas?

JAN: We always have to serve, or rather respect the script in some way. But a script is not a dogma. What you probably mean is more a discussion about the devaluation of the original role of the architect, more precisely, the production designer within the European context, which I have already mentioned. That is exactly where this role has been placed. As someone who merely fine-tunes the look of a scene and selects the shooting location. I repeat, this is evident even from the way funding-body forms and professional listings are set up. And this is mainly because there is no school anywhere that actually teaches production design. If such a program existed, the profession would be precisely defined in society. Even Wikipedia or AI when asked what production design actually is, answers with the same stereotypical definition. AI has no opinion of its own; it simply recycles an error in a fraction of a second. And we believe it, because we want to believe that it has an idea. If there were a school where this profession was taught, this would certainly not happen and every such form would be rewritten instantly. But that is not the case. So for now, perhaps it would at least be enough to name the profession precisely.

Production design is the discipline that shapes the entire visual identity of a film. From my point of view, it should cover everything from the absolute foundation to the final color treatment of the audiovisual work. That is why it is called production design, the design of the product. This means everything from the first sketch of the imagined world and its characters, through the detailed definition of the architecture of the environment and the costumes functioning within it, all the way to the final color grading of each frame. Supporting this role is the art director, who technically develops the production designer’s concepts, and the so-called set decorator, who finishes the smaller details and gives them life. I personally do not use a set decorator. I want to have control over every single detail. But even if someone does use one, it is utter nonsense to combine this profession with that of the production designer for example in the context of the Oscars.That is a complete devaluation of the profession and, above all, a denial of the very reason it came into existence.

Reading Between the Lines

For the viewer, your visual concept in Girl America (Amerikánka) can be demanding. I read a review in which the critic complained that he could not decipher the symbolism of the images.

JAN: Then he should watch the film again and again, and if he still doesn’t understand it, he should stop writing reviews and do something else. I am more than happy to give anyone a detailed visual analysis of this work, where nothing is accidental or merely a stylistic mannerism. Where every color, texture, decoration, costume, or color grading has its own clear reason. But on the other hand, when I’m at MoMA, do I ask the artist how exactly I should understand their work? Doesn’t that point more to our own laziness, lack of education, and inability to read between the lines?

For me, a clear answer to this current defect in society lies in the reception of Francis Ford Coppola’s extraordinary film Megalopolis, which among other things brought Hollywood to its knees, and in the latest work of cinema giant Ridley Scott, Gladiator II. Both films have been global box-office failures, and Gladiator II has been attacked by critics for its supposed historical inaccuracy. Yet none of these “experts” seem to understand that what matters is not what we literally see, but what the work is saying between the lines. The entire Gladiator II is simply a metaphor for today’s world, a world ruled by merchants and tradesmen. It is not a docudrama or an audiovisual museum display. From my perspective, these are among the greatest works of contemporary cinema. Works that clearly break away from convention and begin to use the medium in entirely new ways.

The story of Girl America (Amerikánka) itself is based on a true story that began in Sarasota, Florida. But the version known to the public, brilliantly reimagined by David Jařab, only takes inspiration from the real events and more or less relocates the narrative into the raw environment of children’s homes, juvenile detention centers, and housing estates. The colorful, vibrant world of America survives only as a longed-for idea, one that in the film is deliberately desaturated by the shadow of socialism. As a result, most of the settings are described in a way that makes their social problems all the more apparent.

Our aim was not to reconstruct the social world of juvenile detention centers and children’s homes of that era, a world from which society, just as it did then, still turns its eyes away today. In the film, what we see is the reconstruction of a woman’s childhood memories by her adult self. Just as our own memories are stored through specific sensory cues, such as color, texture, or even scent, so it could logically have been for her as well. It was therefore necessary to create an anthropology of this fictional character. When a particular memory is dominated by a certain color, that color becomes the key element for visually shaping her environment, just as texture or a scent, for which we then search for a corresponding form, can also serve as a starting point. I read in one review that it is supposedly a cliché to express emotion through color. Well, if that’s the case, then all of visual art is a cliché, because it has always worked with color. Or, for that matter, even the very use of actors in film would have to be called a cliché.

Objects Tell a Story

For the film, you created objects that you consider part of your artistic practice. Yet some people call them “film props.” How do you see it?

JAN: That some people call them sets or props stems only from the stereotypes we operate within and from an inability to read things in a different way. It is, of course, true that fine art is usually used in film in this manner. But here I used it as something capable of conveying a specific emotion in shorthand. It was also my aim to give visual art back the public attention it deserves and to place it inside the most influential medium of our time. Through these works of art, I wanted to highlight the fact that film is a visual art form that should be able to speak in images, and that the objects shown in the film are not mere decoration but independent storytellers. A film that runs for about 120 minutes may need 215,754 frames to tell its story, while a work of fine art needs only a single such “frame” in which the story is contained. The idea was to merge these two seemingly different worlds.

At the moment you are exhibiting the object Copy in Klatovy, presented in the exhibition context as a self-contained artwork. What does it mean to separate it and present it purely as art?

JAN: In the film it creates an emotion, but as a stand-alone visual object it speaks about the distortion of the original image in the era when all communist countries lacked access to media. Films, images of the Western world, were copied onto VHS tapes. We became accustomed to a shaky picture with a single-voice dub, and so we created our own idea of what the “big world” looked like, regardless of its reality. This object is built from 50,000 tapes, representing a world of second-rate copies in which the impossibility of accessing the original gives rise to a new visuality. By exhibiting the object in the Church of St. Lawrence in Klatovy (as part of a project by Galerie Klatovy Klenová, curated by Petr Krátký), the symbolism comes full circle in relation to what is happening in society today: Copy is, in quotation marks, a modern-day Jesus. The piece, which once told a story of the 1980s, returns to that era through its installation. It was precisely then that consumerism began to take hold of audiovisual culture. The rise of blockbusters, an emphasis on purely commercial films, the creation of profit. I believe that installing Copy in the church produces an image that will resonate especially in an international context. Because the story of the distortion of the original image is something few outside our post-communist world fully recognize.

When you were planning the film and creating Copy, you could have made it more simply through animation or by faking the scale, yet you decided on a real, monumental object made of tapes. And yet this fact is not immediately obvious to the audience, it is not standing in a gallery.

JAN: I could have and I couldn’t. Within the context of art I think conceptually, and so in the act of formulation I always work with the original material. If I had not been given the opportunity to formulate things in the film in this way, I would certainly have taken another path. But thanks to the framework set by Viktor to create the sets without post-production, even at the cost of higher expenses I had the wonderful space to integrate these objects into the visual language of the film. And thus I was finally able to unite two worlds in a single story. The world of fine art and the world of cinema. From there it was simply a matter of shaping a visual object that also conveys a specific emotion in the film. Of course, many of the film’s visuals could certainly have been achieved with post-production or, today, even with artificial intelligence, but the experience would have been far more instant and less real. In the film, everything you see are real, physical constructions; apart from color grading and a few touch-ups, nothing is computer-generated. This approach and my idea to integrate art into the film as an independent storyteller, also led to the concept of Layer Cake. Some of the artefacts shown in the film exist as multiples in a limited edition. Two of these have already been auctioned, with proceeds of 1.6 million CZK donated to children’s homes. The Layer Cake concept speaks about recognizing responsibility for the public funds entrusted to us finding a way, beyond the creation of an audiovisual work, to give something tangible back to society.

You talk about the symbolism of your objects, but I’m asking something that is often hard for laypeople to understand: why do you consider the things you created for the film to be works of art?

JAN: I conceived them as independent art objects, describing a story and an emotion with the same artistic handwriting I use for any subject I explore in the visual arts.

But it should be said, that in the film these objects gain a perspective created by the camera. Then, when the objects are presented in a gallery, they suddenly function in a different way.

JAN: Yes, they can function independently of the film, without the audiovisual narrative. In the film, Copy conveys the emotion and the depth of a collapse; in our world, as a visual artwork, it speaks of the distortion of the original image right up to the present – because the problem of a consumer society is still very much alive. Its exhibition in a church is a fantastic culmination: a memento mori, a bit of a plainspoken metaphor, perhaps, but sometimes society needs a little help with self-reflection.

When you were creating the objects, did you already know what message they would carryone that would be understandable even outside the film?

JAN: Yes. I had the idea that I would shape certain things for the film as works of art and thus connect two worlds. I’m certainly not the first, there are plenty of artists, for example the recently deceased David Lynch, who combined these worlds, and after them others have recycled such ideas back into the visual arts. The inspiration flows both ways. You can’t claim these are, a priori, two separate realms. Moreover, today’s problem is that visual art has stopped communicating with the general public, because the formulation of visual reality has been taken over by audiovisual media. It’s a more convenient way to receive information, and through the omnipresence of platforms it’s available to us all the time. Artworks now communicate through gallerists and have become aesthetic trinkets consumer baubles that look the same everywhere in the world. Art stopped long ago from addressing essential issues; it has become a luxury interior accessory. I wanted to bring art back into communication with ordinary people. I believe it is capable of conveying a story more succinctly and often more powerfully than film itself.

Next note Yo, Adrian! Czech church unveils Rocky sculpture made out of 50,000 VHS tapes Press · Expats.cz · 23 March 2025